Marine Aquarium 2

Their reasons? They worked. Not much was commonly known as to why. Now we "know" that the aforementioned beneficial bacteria thrive in such settings with their chemical food (ammonia, nitrite, oxygen, and CO2 as a source of carbon) flowing oh-so conveniently by the nooks and crannies living space provided by the "holey" substrate.

Even today, with the advent of macro-algae, reef, "Berlin" and other "live-rock" systems in use providing the same habitat, circulation and buffering advantages, undergravel filtration remains the predominant method of

nstead utilize a wet/dry trickle filter with a very shallow layer of gravel merely for decoration and to cover the bottom pane of glass

The other interesting option with these powerheads is the needle wheel that is included to regulate the injection of air into the water stream coming from the pump. While this is kind of neat, it is not really that useful or necessary. I generally forgo the air injection in all marine setups because the bubbles bursting at the surface of the water creates far too much splash and salt spray for my liking. A

These compact water pumps fulfill a variety of uses in aquarium keeping. They can be utilized to simulate the flow of tidal currents and waves in an artificial marine environment, or they can reproduce the rippling action of a river or

Unfortunately nitrites are also quite toxic to animal life, but again, we are lucky that another set of beneficial microbes exist that readily convert nitrites to nitrates ("nigh" "traits"). As it turns out, accumulated nitrates are not nearly as toxic to marine (or freshwater, brackish) life as their precursor molecules. A good value to aim for is to try and keep your nitrates below 10 ppm, but fishes especially (compared with many invertebrates)

.. Oh, and waiting a good hour before running water in newly solvented lines is about right in terms of curing time. Okay?

About Pump Fittings:

Most all pumps are fitted with MIPs and FIPs for their intakes/discharges... either male and/or female threaded openings to attach plumbing lines to. Now, listen/read very carefully hear. Im about to relate

Angel fish

angel fish

Angel Fish Pterophyllum altum (back) & scalare (front)

After keeping and breeding Angel fish for a couple of years I decided to replace them for a group of discus fish, that was about 10 years ago. At that time the beautiful Altum Ange.

Cleaner Wrasse
I recently bought a cleaner wrasse, and i started to feed it mysis shrimp and mega marine (all from hikari). He started to pick it at it and somewhat eat it. What do they eat?.