Fish Tank Pump Water Flow

Unfortunately nitrites are also quite toxic to animal life, but again, we are lucky that another set of beneficial microbes exist that readily convert nitrites to nitrates ("nigh" "traits"). As it turns out, accumulated nitrates are not nearly as toxic to marine (or freshwater, brackish) life as their precursor molecules. A good value to aim for is to try and keep your nitrates below 10 ppm, but fishes especially (compared with many invertebrates)

Glass (fused bead) types are superior in that they produce bubbles of uniform size (optimum is about 1 mm in diameter), do not clog easily, may be readily cleaned and re-used and dont break. Ceramic/sand, plastic wand varieties are worse for the opposite reasons.

Regarding "wood" mechanical diffusers; these are suitable for air-driven protein skimmers only; the fine bubbles they produce for a while are dangerous to livestock, known to cause embolism and other environmental gas- diseases. My strong recommendation is to utilize a separate dedicat

Plainly these are very successful systems with many, many types of life (albeit necessarily in miniature) flourishing in them. There are actually dozens of different species of hard and soft corals here, as well as zoanthids and corallimorphs, Starfishes, even an occasional fish! All in peak condition and beautiful coloring (various images as listed below).

Filtration: Consists of a Skilter 250 on each tank. These hang on the back power filters have been modified to greatly bolster their efficiency. A wooden airstone is fitted down the contact chamber of each and a bag of phosphate remover and Chemipure has been placed in the back as

The creation of this list was not based on any type of scientific method, but rather on our own experience with the many aquariums weve installed. Each species on this list has consistently proven able to tolerate high levels of ammonia and nitrite, for at least four weeks, in the many freshwater aquariums installed by The Aquarium Professionals Group.

Note to Experienced Hobbyists: This is a list that was written mostly for beginners. In some cases, we felt that it was best to use the common family names that aquarium and pet stores use for fish, rather than actual scientific classifications, so

Should you be a U/G proponent make sure yours covers as much of the systems base as you can, utilize large air-lifts, stones, power-heads to maximize flow, and be diligent in vacuuming your substrate.

Biological filtering action is not confined to the above modes. Any suitable medium with the systems water passing over it will sponsor bacteria populations and conversion to some extent. I do not like to rely on just undergravel or any one ty

Scratched Glass
Most of us have run into this problem at one time or another. Care to share your experience with scratched glass? "Does any one know how to fill some scratches....